a b Humphrey AJ, O'Hagan D (October 2001). "Tropane alkaloid biosynthesis. A century-old problem unresolved". Natural Product Reports. 18 (5): 494–502. doi: 10.1039/b001713m. PMID 11699882. See also: Cocaine in the United States Drug overdoses killed more than 70,200 Americans in 2017, with cocaine overdoses making up 13,942 of those deaths. [62] InChI=1S/C17H21NO4/c1-18-12-8-9-13(18)15(17(20)21-2)14(10-12)22-16(19)11-6-4-3-5-7-11/h3-7,12-15H,8-10H2,1-2H3/t12-,13+,14-,15+/m0/s1 Y Drug Fact Sheet: Cocaine" (PDF). Drug Enforcement Agency. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 June 2020 . Retrieved 17 June 2022. Medicalization "Cocaine toothache drops", 1885 advertisement of cocaine for dental pain in children Advertisement in the January 1896 issue of McClure's Magazine for Burnett's Cocaine "for the hair" Bottle of cocaine solution, Germany, circa 1915

Leete E, Bjorklund JA, Couladis MM, Kim SH (1991). "Late intermediates in the biosynthesis of cocaine: 4-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-3-oxobutanoate and methyl ecgonine". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113 (24): 9286–9292. doi: 10.1021/ja00024a039. Hummel M, Unterwald EM (April 2002). "D1 dopamine receptor: a putative neurochemical and behavioral link to cocaine action". Journal of Cellular Physiology. 191 (1): 17–27. doi: 10.1002/jcp.10078. PMID 11920678. S2CID 40444893. In 1879, Vassili von Anrep, of the University of Würzburg, devised an experiment to demonstrate the analgesic properties of the newly discovered alkaloid. He prepared two separate jars, one containing a cocaine-salt solution, with the other containing merely saltwater. He then submerged a frog's legs into the two jars, one leg in the treatment and one in the control solution, and proceeded to stimulate the legs in several different ways. The leg that had been immersed in the cocaine solution reacted very differently from the leg that had been immersed in saltwater. [169] Bonkovsky HL, Mehta S (February 2001). "Hepatitis C: a review and update". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 44 (2): 159–182. doi: 10.1067/mjd.2001.109311. PMID 11174373. Cocaine". www.talktofrank.com. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017 . Retrieved 23 January 2017.

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Altman AJ, Albert DM, Fournier GA (1985). "Cocaine's use in ophthalmology: our 100-year heritage". Survey of Ophthalmology. 29 (4): 300–6. doi: 10.1016/0039-6257(85)90153-5. PMID 3885453. Fehrman E, Egan V, Gorban AN, Levesley J, Mirkes EM, Muhammad AK (2019). Personality Traits and Drug Consumption. A Story Told by Data. Springer, Cham. arXiv: 2001.06520. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-10442-9. ISBN 978-3-030-10441-2. S2CID 151160405.

Cocaine dependence develops after even brief periods of regular cocaine use [94] and produces a withdrawal state with emotional-motivational deficits upon cessation of cocaine use. When the Spanish arrived in South America, the conquistadors at first banned coca as an "evil agent of devil". But after discovering that without the coca the locals were barely able to work, the conquistadors legalized and taxed the leaf, taking 10% off the value of each crop. [161] In 1569, Spanish botanist Nicolás Monardes described the indigenous peoples' practice of chewing a mixture of tobacco and coca leaves to induce "great contentment": Bolivia and Peru were the leading producer countries through most of the 1980s and 1990s. [1] Pronunciation [ edit ] In 1856, Friedrich Wöhler asked Dr. Carl Scherzer, a scientist aboard the Novara (an Austrian frigate sent by Emperor Franz Joseph to circle the globe), to bring him a large amount of coca leaves from South America. In 1859, the ship finished its travels and Wöhler received a trunk full of coca. Wöhler passed on the leaves to Albert Niemann, a PhD student at the University of Göttingen in Germany, who then developed an improved purification process. [165]

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Colombiano was published in Australia in August 2017 and was the highest-selling Australian fiction title that month. It will be released worldwide in 2018. The biosynthesis of the tropane alkaloid is still not understood. Hemscheidt proposes that Robinson's acetonedicarboxylate emerges as a potential intermediate for this reaction. [141] Condensation of N-methylpyrrolinium and acetonedicarboxylate would generate the oxobutyrate. Decarboxylation leads to tropane alkaloid formation.

Halsted W (1885). "Practical comments on the use and abuse of cocaine". New York Medical Journal. 42: 294–295.

a b c d e f Pomara C, Cassano T, D'Errico S, Bello S, Romano AD, Riezzo I, Serviddio G (2012). "Data available on the extent of cocaine use and dependence: biochemistry, pharmacologic effects and global burden of disease of cocaine abusers". Current Medicinal Chemistry. 19 (33): 5647–57. doi: 10.2174/092986712803988811. PMID 22856655.